Starting with initial construction in 1801 to counter French expansion in the area – New Caledonia and other island settlements, an massive expansion was carried out in 1870 to protect against an increase in Russian naval traffic in the post Crimean war period.

Finally with the looming threat of invasion from Japan and actual engagements with the Imperial Fleet a lot of the fortifications were modernised during World War II.

A full post on the fortification of Port Jackson is in the works. For now here is a selection of onochrome images from the various fortifications at Middle Harbour, Bradleys Head and George’s Head.